The SPL Journal of Literary Hermeneutics: A Biannual International Journal of Independent Critical Thinking
The SPL Journal of Literary Hermeneutics is an Open Access, Double-blind Peer-reviewed/Refereed Journal. It is published in the months of January and July as Winter and Monsoon Editions. The journal aims at providing a better understanding of the polyphonic literary narratives. It aims to envisage the literary narratives not as an autonomous entity but as convergence where literary and extra-literary concerns interact and influence in subtle ways. The journal is, therefore, committed to recording the responses of readers, scholars, and academicians who approach a literary text as an interpretive dialogue across cultures, literatures, themes, concepts, and genres. The overall focus of the journal is on literary hermeneutics and independent critical thinking. The Journal aims to provide a forum for all like-minded scholars, researchers, academicians, independent critical thinkers, and creative writers globally. JOURNALS PARTICULARS Title The SPL Journal of Literary Hermeneutics: A Biannual International Journal of Independent Critical Thinking Frequency Biannual ISSN 2583-1674 Journal DOI prefox https://doi.org/10.64846 Publisher Cavemark Publications Private Limited Chief Editor Dr. Mohammad Tariq Start Year January 2021 Subject Literature Indexing ROAD Impact Factor 3.951 (SJIF 2023) Open Access Yes Language English Publication Format Online Publishing Timeline 12 Weeks Acceptance Rate 35 % Use of AI Not more than 10 % Phone No. +91-9450297747 Email ID editor@literaryherm.org / literaryherm@gmail.com Mobile No. +91-7007267681 Website www.literaryherm.org / www.cavemarkpublications.com Address PN 6-7 Bhadurpur (Phool Bagh Colony), Kursi Road, Lucknow UP—226026 India Content-type Academic/Scholarly/Peer-Reviewed/ Refereed Review Scope The journal accepts unpublished works but is not limited to the following: Indian Literature in English, Pakistani English Literature, SAARC Literature, African American Literature, British Literature, American Literature, Art, Aesthetics, Myth, Culture, Folklore, Canadian Literature, Children’s Literature, Dalit Literature, Diaspora Studies, Disability Studies, Disaster Literature, English Language Teaching, Gender Studies, Postcolonial Literature, Tribal Literature, Commonwealth Literature, Comparative Literature, Cultural Studies, Cyber Literature, Linguistics, Science Fiction and Cultural Analysis and Translation Studies and Literature and theory of literature, women’s studies, world literature, etc. Policy Double Blind Peer Review Policy, open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Review Time A fortnight. Archiving Policy Our journal ensures long-term digital preservation of published content through participation in recognized archiving programs: LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe): A LOCKSS license appears under About the Journal → Archiving: LOCKSS License. This enables LOCKSS to store and distribute journal content at participating libraries via a LOCKSS Publisher Manifest page. CLOCKSS (Controlled LOCKSS): A CLOCKSS license appears under About the Journal → Archiving: CLOCKSS License. This enables CLOCKSS to store and distribute journal content at participating libraries via a CLOCKSS Publisher Manifest page. Through these preservation systems, the journal guarantees that its published material will remain accessible to the scholarly community, even in the event of technical failure or discontinuation of the journal. Statement on the Use of AI Tools The SPL Journal of Literary Hermeneutics emphasizes originality, integrity, and transparency in scholarly work. We believe that human-authored contributions provide the strongest foundation for rigorous and innovative academic research in media and communication studies. In alignment with these principles, the journal does not endorse or encourage the use of generative AI tools for preparing abstracts submitted for consideration. If an author opts to use such tools, they are required to disclose this in their submission. The disclosure must include: The name of the AI tool used. A description of how the tool was utilized in preparing the abstract. The rationale for using the tool. Failure to provide this disclosure may affect the evaluation and acceptance of the submission. By adhering to these guidelines, we aim to uphold the standards of academic integrity and foster a culture of ethical research practices. Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs): The journal provides Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for all the articles. A DOI is a globally recognized alphanumeric string assigned to a digital object, such as a journal article, to ensure persistent identification and permanent access on the internet. When a DOI is assigned, it will appear in the article metadata and citation information in the standardized format recommended by CrossRef. Authors who wish to have a DOI assigned to their publication should request the submission or production stage. Once assigned, the DOI will be visible on the article landing page and included in all references and indexing services, thereby enhancing the visibility, accessibility, and citability of the work. About the Publishing System This journal uses Open Journal Systems which is open source journal management and publishing software developed, supported, and freely distributed by the Public Knowledge Project under the GNU General Public License. Open Access, Double-blind Peer-reviewed/referred / Refereed Journal PL Journal of Literary Hermeneutics is committed to the highest standards of reviewing all publishable materials—articles, review articles, reviews, interviews—that undergo a rigorous peer-reviewing process. Literary Hermeneutics follows a double-blind peer review system after an initial editorial review at the board level. The details of the peer-review process are given below:. Upon receiving a submission, the editorial board will scrutinise the work for its originality and rigour at the board level, and all author-identifying information will be removed for blind peer review. Experts in the field do all reviews. A review report is created on the following parameters: originality, coherence, communicability, argumentation, rigour, secondary research and innovation, and factual errors. Reviewers decide whether the work will be rejected, published or needs revision. They write a substantive review report justifying their decision. If the work needs revision or has citation error(s), the Chief Editors will contact the contributors with the report specifying a period for revision. On getting a revised copy, if the reviewers feel that the work needs to be revised again, then they may ask the contributors for another quick revision. When the work is ready for publication, it will be sent to the publishing team for final editing, proofreading and publication. Reviewers will have to disclose a conflict of interest, and it will be made sure that all reviewed articles are treated confidentially before their publication. Decision:. The decisions are notified to the contributors, usually within a month. If a writer intends to withdraw his article within the stipulated time, he must seek permission by sending an email/letter of declaration to the chief editor. For two or more authors, it is necessary to seek permission and approval from the authorial team. The journal follows a double-blind peer review system after an initial editorial review at the board level. Below are the details of the peer-review process: Reference: Benefits of Open Access (Sources: SPARC, righttoresearch, Kingsley & Brown 2012) Benefits of Open Access Embracing open access, this journal swiftly shares its content, fostering a global exchange of knowledge. Committed to the principle of openness, this journal grants immediate public access to its research, promoting a worldwide dissemination of information. Rapidly accessible content underscores this journal's dedication to advancing global knowledge exchange. By providing immediate open access, this journal champions the free flow of research, enriching the global intellectual community. A staunch advocate for open knowledge, this journal empowers the public with unrestricted access to its content, fostering a broader dissemination of research worldwide. Reference: Benefits of Open Access (Sources: SPARC, righttoresearch, Kingsley & Brown 2012) Call for Papers We warmly invite submissions to The SPL Journal of Literary Hermeneutics, a scholarly platform dedicated to advancing critical dialogue in literary studies and the humanities. The journal seeks original, unpublished research that offers fresh perspectives, strengthens theoretical engagement, and deepens our understanding of literature across diverse traditions, cultures, and intellectual contexts. We particularly welcome contributions that engage with innovative methodologies, interdisciplinary approaches, and emerging areas of literary scholarship. Submissions should demonstrate rigorous research, conceptual clarity, and originality of thought, contributing meaningfully to contemporary academic discourse. We look forward to your valuable contributions and to fostering a collaborative pursuit of literary knowledge, interpretation, and discovery. Areas of Research / Literature Journal Subjects: The journal invites research contributions in a wide range of literary and interdisciplinary domains, including but not limited to: Global Literatures Comparative Literature and World Literature (African, Asian, Latin American, European traditions) Classical Literature (Greek, Roman, Sanskrit and other classical traditions) British, American, & Indian Literature East Asian(Chinese, Japanese, Korean), Russian, Eastern European, and Middle Eastern Literature Postcolonial Literature and Decolonial Studies Feminist, Gender, LGBTQ+, and Queer Theory in Literature Modernist, Contemporary, Victorian, Romantic, Renaissance, Medieval, and Enlightenment Literature Migration, Diaspora, Indigenous Literature, and Oral Traditions African American, Caribbean, and Latin American Literature Theory & Identity Literary Theory and Criticism Genre Studies(Poetry, Drama, Novel, Nonfiction) Prose, Essay, and Narrative Studies Children’s and Young Adult Literature Fantasy, Science Fiction, Gothic, Horror, and Supernatural Literature Detective Fiction, Crime Writing, Satire, and Humor Studies Environmental Literature Environmental Literature and Ecocriticism War, Conflict, and Trauma Studies Literature and Psychology, Philosophy, and Religion Translation Studies and Adaptation Studies Literary Aesthetics and Literary Linguistics Literary and Cultural Memory Digital Humanities and Textual Digital Humanities and Textual Analysis Popular Literature and Mass Media Studies Avant-Garde and Experimental Literature Graphic Novels and Comics Studies Autobiography, Memoir, and Life Writing Mythology, Folklore, and Fairy Tales Mythology, Folklore, and Fairy Tales Migration and Exile Narratives Literature and Film Studies Disability Studies in Literature Legal and Political Narratives Narrative Theory and Rhetoric Psychoanalysis and Literature Psychoanalysis and Literature Cultural and Social Theory in Literature Posthumanism and Science Studies Literature of Revolution and Resistance Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice Queer Ecologies in Literature Literature of the Anthropocene Literature and Technology
The Battered Lives of the Others and the Issue of Indian Liberal Thought: A Critical Study of Neel Mukherjee’s A State of Freedom
Aims: This article examines how A State of Freedom interrogates dignity, freedom, migration, aspiration, and the contradictions of liberalism in modern India through the fractured realities of contemporary society. Methodology: The study adopts a qualitative and interpretative approach grounded in postcolonial and Subaltern Studies frameworks. Through close textual reading, it analyses representations of subaltern subjectivities and critiques of Indian liberalism concerning caste, class, gender, and neoliberal development. Outcome: The paper argues that Mukherjee’s fragmented narrative exposes the persistence of caste, class, gender, and neoliberal inequalities through marginalised figures such as Milly, Lakshman, and Ramlal, while reimagining Indian liberalism as an unfinished and contested project. Conclusion and Suggestions: This study argues that A State of Freedom exposes the contradictions of Indian liberalism by revealing the gap between its ethical promises and the lived realities of subaltern communities shaped by caste, class, and neoliberal inequality. Through fragmented narration and shifting perspectives, Neel Mukherjee critiques neoliberal India while reimagining Indian liberalism as an evolving ethical tradition rooted in indigenous thought rather than merely a Western import. The study concludes that the project of Indian liberalism remains unfinished and calls for continued engagement with questions of dignity, agency, and freedom at the margins of society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Motahar Hossain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate Catastrophes in the Age of the Anthropocene: A Critical Analysis of Amitav Ghosh’s Gun Island
Aims: This paper analyses anthropogenic climate crises depicted by Amitav Ghosh in his novel Gun Island (2019. Methodology and Approaches: This study analyses Amitav Ghosh's Gun Island (2019) using the concept of the Anthropocene. Using the theoretical paradigms of eminent theorists such as Dipesh Chakrabarty, Timothy Morton, Adam Trexler and Timothy Clark, the paper tries to analyse the gravity of the anthropogenic climate crisis. Outcome: This article records the climate changes in the Sundarbans. Ghosh portrays the Bhola cyclone affected Sundarbans and the resultant influx of climate refugees. The vulnerability of coastal regions that results in devastating shifts in the marine world are highlighted in the study. Human interventions in the ocean result in the formation of “oceanic dead zones” with a very low oxygen content. Human use of fertilisers can be deciphered as a hyperobject and it results in massive fish kills. Conclusion and Suggestions: Ghosh’s Gun Island anticipates the climate crisis in the Anthropocene. By placing humans as mere members of the planet, Ghosh considers all elements of nature in equal terms. This study highlights humans' role in mitigating the climate crisis through characters such as Piya Roy, Lisa and Giacinta Schiavon.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chithra Mary Philip, Tom Thomas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Technological Shift: Revolutionizing Pedagogy and Social Policy for the Next Generation
Aim: This article examines the impact of digital technology on the Indian educational system, highlighting how new tools have changed the way students learn and how teachers approach their work. Methodology and Approach: Within the framework of social policy development, the study investigates the transition from analogue to digital pedagogical paradigms and evaluates the benefits and drawbacks of each. Outcome: The research shows that marginalised populations continue to face difficulties related to digital exclusion, even though there has been significant progress in integrating technology. Educational gaps persist due to discrepancies in digital infrastructure, as shown in the UDISE+ 2023–2024 report, which indicates that just 57% of schools have working computers and 53% have internet connectivity. Conclusion and Suggestions: Fair distribution of resources and comprehensive digital accessibility regulations are emphasised in the report. It calls for stronger digital safety measures, more inclusive digital curriculum development, improved digital literacy programs, and coordinated national and international policy frameworks. In line with the objectives of the National Education Policy 2020, India can use digital technology more effectively by systematically addressing these challenges, thereby creating an educational ecosystem that is more inclusive and equitable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Warisha Shafeeq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Emotional Roller-coaster in the Diasporic Third Space for Women: A Study of Bharati Mukherjee’s Works
Aim: This paper seeks to explore the diasporic experiences and identity struggles of women characters in the novels of Bharati Mukherjee. It highlights how these women attempt to negotiate belonging, memory, and identity in unfamiliar social and cultural settings. Methodology and Approach: The study adopts a qualitative and analytical approach based on close textual reading of Mukherjee’s selected novels. In addition to primary texts, relevant secondary sources on diaspora and postcolonial studies have been consulted to support the analysis. The research also draws on the concept of the “Third Space” articulated by Homi K. Bhabha to understand how hybrid identities emerge when individuals live between cultures. Outcome: The analysis shows that Mukherjee’s female protagonists undergo significant emotional and psychological transformations as they attempt to adapt to life in a new country. Characters such as Tara, Dimple, and Jasmine experience loneliness, cultural confusion, and a sense of being caught between two identities. At the same time, their journeys demonstrate resilience and personal growth as they gradually negotiate new ways of understanding themselves and their surroundings. Conclusion and Suggestions: The paper concludes that Bharati Mukherjee’s fiction offers a nuanced portrayal of the immigrant experience, particularly from a woman’s perspective. Her narratives illustrate how migration reshapes identity and creates hybrid cultural spaces where individuals must constantly redefine themselves. By foregrounding the voices of diasporic women, Mukherjee’s works contribute significantly to discussions on migration, gender, and cultural identity in contemporary literature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruchita Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Embodied Slow Violence in The Mysterious Ailment of Rupi Baskey
Aims: This study aims to explore Hansda Sowvendra Sekhar's The Mysterious Ailment of Rupi Baskey in relation to Jharkhand's regional political economy, a facet that has gotten relatively little attention in previous scholarship, which has mostly concentrated on gender and cultural representation. The research seeks to investigate how the narrative depicts bodily decline and social marginalisation in a society determined by long-term resource exploitation, worker out-migration, and uneven development. Methodology and Approaches: The study uses close textual analysis, which is informed by Rob Nixon's concept of slow violence and the internal colonial framework. These methods are used to examine how gradual deterioration, social withdrawal, and the lack of obvious causation shape the novel's depiction of disease and everyday life. Outcome: The analysis exhibits that Rupi Baskey's trajectory, from physical strength to extended illness and partial recovery, highlights the cumulative and often invisible effects of long-term work, economic precarity, limited healthcare access, and societal misrecognition. Conclusion and Suggestions: The novel's ending implies a type of restricted acknowledgement that restores social continuity without changing the underlying conditions of vulnerability. By situating literary representation within the historical context of regional marginalisation, the study adds to ongoing discussions in Adivasi literary studies and emphasises the need for more research on embodiment as a mode of experiencing and articulating internal colonial conditions across resource frontiers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vikash Das https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dalit Awakening and Fostering Collective Solidarity
Aim: The paper focuses on the Dalit awekening in the Telugu-speaking region taking into account social, political and literary aspects. The mainstream Indian history often misses out on Dalit resistance or the Dalit cosmos in general. Becoming conscious of their social status and economic hardships, the Dalits of the Telugu-speaking region displayed an early spirit of organization that developed alongside the Indian independence movement.Thus, to recover the lost history and to give a new understanding to the history of the marginalised is still an unfinished project. Therefore, the paper addresses this lacuna and constructs the history of Dalit awakening in Telugu speaking region. Methodology and Approach: The paper follows Dalit historiographical approach as it takes into consideration the primary and secondary texts of Dalit writers, anthologies, and research papers. The paper base itself on qualitative textual analysis. Outcome: The mainstream history and narratives often overlooks socio-political history and the literary history of Dalits and the marginalised in general. This paper throws light on the forgotten history of Dalits in Telugu speaking region as it is instrumental in fostering narratives on counter-history. Conclusion and Suggestions: History plays a vital role in construction of identities and counter-identities. Particularly, marginalised communities such as Dalits who have been struggling to recover their histories should rely on the oral and autobiographical narratives of the community. These writings from the periphery not only enriched the Telugu Dalit literature but they extended their imagination to narrate the stories of the ostracised of the ostracised.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohankumar B. S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Colonial Violence and Cultural Memory in Half of a Yellow Sun
Aims: This study investigates the representation of colonial violence and cultural memory in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun (2006). It aims to demonstrate how the novel reconfigures the Nigerian Civil War (1967–70) as the historical afterlife of British colonial cartography, ethnic stratification and epistemic domination. Methodology and Approaches: The research adopts a qualitative textual analysis grounded in postcolonial theory, trauma studies and memory studies. The study engages theoretical frameworks proposed by Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Cathy Caruth, Marianne Hirsch, Paul Ricoeur, Pierre Nora and Jan Assmann. Through close reading, the paper analyses narrative structure, characterisation, temporality and symbolic motifs to explore how colonial legacies shape post-independence violence and mnemonic reconstruction. Outcome: The analysis reveals that the novel situates the Biafran War within a continuum of colonial structural violence. Adichie employs fragmented chronology, polyphonic narration and embedded testimony to depict trauma’s disruption of linear history. The narrative reclaims subaltern voices, particularly women and marginalised civilians and challenges official historiography that suppresses Biafran memory. Conclusion and Suggestions: The study concludes that Half of a Yellow Sun (2006) functions as a counter-archival text that transforms personal trauma into collective cultural memory. It suggests further comparative research on African post-memory narratives and interdisciplinary studies integrating literary trauma with archival historiography to deepen understanding of postcolonial remembrance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nishant Kumar Dubey https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Breaking the Frame: Challenging Beauty Norms and Redefining Resilience in the Film Double XL
Aim: The film Double XL, challenges traditional beauty ideals by promoting body positivity and inclusivity. In this paper, feminist literary theory, particularly postfeminism, will be used to analyse how the film reshapes identity narratives and fosters self-confidence. By examining character development, themes, and cinematography, the paper will highlight the impact of film on representation, empowerment, and body image, depicting its role in changing cultural attitudes toward inclusivity and body positivity. Methodology and Approach: The authors, while writing the paper, have consulted the primary sources, such as the film Double XL and secondary sources in this paper as part of their research. The researchers have applied the feminist approach to cinema to examine gendered beauty standards and societal expectations. Outcome: Through their study, the researchers have found that body standards play an important role in Indian society. However, the director, instead of giving in to fixed standards, takes a transformative stance by making the heroines believe in themselves and love themselves as they are. Conclusion and Suggestions: The paper examines societal prejudices towards larger body sizes through the experiences of female protagonists Sazia Khanna and Rajshree Trivedi, emphasising resilience and self-acceptance as essential components of empowerment. The movie tells people to be confident in themselves beyond how they look by rejecting narrow beauty standards.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nikky Kumari, Guriya Kumari, Tanima Kumari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mythic Paths to Self-Realisation: A Comparative Study of Hermann Hesse and Arun Joshi
Aims: The aim of this study is to examine how Hermann Hesse and Arun Joshi employ mythic symbolism to depict the journey toward self-realisation in their selected novels. Drawing a comparative approach, the study aims to identify shared mythic motifs addressing alienation, moral awakening, and the search for wholeness, and to demonstrate the universality of the quest for integrated selfhood in the context of modern existential crises. Methodology and Approaches: The study employs close reading of primary text, articles, research papers, critical books, and web sources. It also utilises critical and comparative methods for analysing different dimensions and paradigms. Outcome: The outcome of this research validates the central argument that mythic paths to self-realisation in Hesse and Joshi converge toward an integrated vision of human existence, where inner harmony, ethical responsibility, and spiritual awareness form the foundation of authentic life. Conclusion: The study concludes that self-realisation transcends cultural boundaries, even as it is shaped by cultural philosophies. Hesse’s synthesis of Eastern mysticism and Western psychology and Joshi’s fusion of existentialism with Hindu thought affirm that the struggle for wholeness, moral awakening, and meaning is universally human. Their works collectively suggest that mythic paradigms remain profoundly relevant in addressing the psychological, spiritual, and ethical crises of modern life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bhanu Bhasker Prajapati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Postcolonial Discourse of Resistance and Violence in the Short Movie Jibaro (2022)
Aim: Postcolonialism examines how narratives of the colonizing culture distort the experiences of the colonized, who strive to articulate identity and reclaim their past in the face of imposed otherness. The ‘other’ is portrayed as lacking identity and legitimacy. Resistance remains central to postcolonial discourse and often appears as subversion, opposition or mimicry. The short movie Jibaro (2022), directed by Alberto Mielgo for Love, Death and Robots season 3 on Netflix, presents a haunting relationship between colonizer and colonized marked by violence, resistance and destruction. This paper studies these issues in the narrative of Jibaro (2022). Methodology and Approach: The paper examines postcolonial concerns in Jibaro (2022) from a theoretical perspective. It evaluates the role of violence and resistance within a postcolonial framework and is analytical and descriptive in nature. Outcome: Jibaro (2022) employs the figures of a conquistador and a deadly siren to depict themes of conquest, inversion of power and tragic mutual loss, making it a postcolonial parable. The narrative highlights how colonial expansion shaped cultural domains and projected dominance as natural. It suggests that power between colonizer and colonized is reversible and destructive. Conclusion and Suggestions: The film explores colonialism, greed and toxic relationships, with the siren symbolizing the native inhabitant. The paper emphasizes the destructive nature of colonial ambition, where both colonizer and colonized become trapped in a cycle of violence, desire and mutual ruin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Himakshi Kalita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eating the Future: Food, Power, and Gender in Marge Piercy’s Woman on the Edge of Time
Aim: The paper examines how Marge Piercy’s Woman on the Edge of Time (1976) uses food and nourishment as a lens for social critique. The study seeks to explore how the novel juxtaposes dystopian, chemically mediated food systems of 1970s New York with the collective, ecological, and ethical food practices of the imagined future community of Mattapoisett, and how this contrast interrogates intersections of gender, race, class, and power. Methodology and Approach: The researcher has adopted a qualitative and interpretative textual approach for the study. Close reading of the novel is undertaken to analyze the contrasting representations of food systems. The analysis is informed by feminist theory and socio-political critique to understand how control over bodies and sustenance operates through similar political logics. Outcome: Through the paper, the researcher has found that food functions not merely as a backdrop but as a central medium of feminist critique in the novel. The dystopian food structures reflect mechanisms of control and inequality, whereas the imagined community’s practices embody ecological ethics, care, and collective responsibility, thereby revealing the political dimensions of nourishment. Conclusion and Suggestions: The study concludes that Piercy’s work demonstrates the deep interconnection between food systems and structures of power. It suggests that further scholarly attention should be given to the intersection of gender, food justice, and ecological ethics in feminist speculative fiction to better understand the continuing relevance of the novel in contemporary debates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Renu Koyu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Patient Autonomy vs. Medical Paternalism: Ethical Boundaries in Treatment and Healthcare
Aim: The paper examines the ethical tension between patient autonomy and medical paternalism in contemporary healthcare practices. The study seeks to identify the ethical boundaries that emerge when a patient’s right to make informed medical decisions comes into conflict with the physician’s duty to act in the patient’s best interest. Methodology and Approach: The researcher has adopted a qualitative and theoretical approach for the study. Primary reliance is placed on established bioethical theories, including deontology, utilitarianism, and principles, to analyze the conceptual foundations of autonomy and paternalism. In addition, selected clinical and legal cases have been examined to understand ethical decision-making from both patient and physician perspectives. Outcome: Through the paper, the researcher has found that rigid adherence to either patient autonomy or medical paternalism is ethically problematic. While prioritizing autonomy safeguards patient agency and individual rights, it may prove inadequate in situations involving impaired decision-making capacity or serious medical risk. Excessive paternalism, on the other hand, risks undermining patient dignity, trust, and legal accountability. Conclusion and Suggestions: The study concludes that a balanced and context-sensitive approach is essential for ethical medical practice. It suggests strengthening informed consent procedures, encouraging shared decision-making, and integrating ethical deliberation into clinical training to maintain equilibrium between patient rights and professional responsibility.
Copyright (c) 2026 C. S. Prabha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Teaching Tehmina Durrani’s My Feudal Lord: Feminist Pedagogy and Ethical Challenges in the Literature Classroom
Aims: The study aims to examine how feminist pedagogy can be meaningfully applied to the teaching of Tehmina Durrani’s My Feudal Lord in literature classrooms, foregrounding the text’s engagement with patriarchy, power, and gendered violence. Methodology: Adopting a qualitative pedagogical approach, the paper draws on feminist teaching theory (bell hooks, Sara Ahmed), trauma-informed pedagogy, and close textual analysis. Classroom observations, reflective teaching practices, and student responses are used to assess how learners engage with the text’s representations of gendered oppression and resistance. Outcome: The study finds that when taught through feminist and trauma-sensitive frameworks, My Feudal Lord enables students to critically examine structures of feudal patriarchy, normalize conversations around gendered violence, and recognise narrative testimony as a form of resistance. Conclusion and Suggestions: The paper concludes that teaching My Feudal Lord requires an ethically grounded feminist pedagogy that prioritizes care, reflexivity, and contextualisation alongside literary analysis. The study recommends integrating trigger warnings, guided discussions, comparative texts, and reflective writing to create inclusive and responsible learning environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sudha Sharma, Saurabh Bhardwaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Speaking the Subaltern in English: Language, Realism, and Social Justice in Indian Literature
Aims: The study aims to interrogate the politics of language choice in Indian literature by examining how English, despite its colonial legacy, is appropriated, reshaped, and strategically deployed to articulate marginalized experiences. Methodology: The paper adopts a qualitative, interdisciplinary approach, combining postcolonial theory (Spivak, Bhabha), subaltern studies (Guha), and realism as a socio-political aesthetic. Close textual readings of selected Indian English novels and narratives are undertaken to trace linguistic strategies such as code-switching, testimonial realism, and narrative fragmentation. Outcome: The analysis demonstrates that Indian English literature enables a form of mediated subaltern speech, one that does not claim pure authenticity but foregrounds structural silences, ethical witnessing, and representational limits. English emerges as a language of resistance when reshaped by local idioms and lived realities. Conclusion and Suggestions: The paper concludes that realism in Indian English writing functions not as mere mimesis but as an ethical practice that insists on social accountability. Subaltern speech, though mediated, becomes politically resonant rather than erased. Future research may extend this inquiry to digital narratives, regional-to-English translations, and comparative Global South literatures to further examine evolving modes of subaltern expression.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ranjana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ecofeminist Consciousness and Female Self-Reclamation in Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing
Aim: The paper aims to present an ecofeminist reading of Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing, examining how the novel intertwines ecological degradation with female subjectivity, trauma, and resistance. Methodology and approaches: The paper undertakes a qualitative textual analysis of Surfacing through an ecofeminist lens, examining key narrative moments that connect the protagonist’s psychological journey with the natural landscape. It explores how gendered oppression and ecological degradation are intertwined, particularly through images of violence, withdrawal, and reconnection with nature. Outcome: The study demonstrates that Atwood exposes patriarchal structures as interlinked agents of environmental destruction and women’s oppression, revealing how the domination of nature mirrors the control of female bodies and subjectivities. Conclusion and Suggestions: In conclusion, “Surfacing” links the narrator’s psychological trauma with environmental degradation, showing how both arise from patriarchal domination. Her withdrawal into the wilderness becomes a process of confrontation and healing, where fractured selfhood is gradually reconstituted through ecological awareness. The study suggests scope for further research linking the text with contemporary ecological crises and trauma studies, as well as comparative analyses with other women’s or Indigenous ecological narratives to deepen ecofeminist insights.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mandeep Kaur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Politics of Representation and the Psychology of Marginality in Hosseini’s Novel
Aim: This paper examines The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini in the context of the intertwined themes of guilt, redemption, ethnic marginalization, and the politics of psychological voicelessness in a Pashtun-dominated Afghan society. Through the lens of three Hazara characters—Hassan, Ali, and Sohrab—the paper seeks to investigate how ethnic subordination begets silence across generations and how this silence is mobilized not as passivity but as a survival tactic. Methodology and Approaches: In terms of methodology, the paper pursues an interdisciplinary approach that combines literary analysis with psychoanalytic theory. The paper engages with Freud’s notion of repression, Frantz Fanon’s theory of internalized oppression, and Cathy Caruth’s model of intergenerational trauma in order to decode the psychological aspects of marginality in the text. Outcome: The findings of the paper indicate that the Hazara community’s apparent silence is the result of systemic domination and psychic erasure rather than inherent submissiveness. Their silence is a manifestation of resilience under oppression. Moreover, Amir’s journey towards redemption indicates not only a moral trajectory but also a belated acknowledgement of the erased voices of the ethnic minority. Conclusion and Suggestions: The paper concludes that The Kite Runner reveals the ways in which political domination is internalized at the psychic level. It proposes further research into comparative trauma narratives in postcolonial literature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lubna Tabassum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Myth, Ritual, and Ecology: Indigenous Environmental Consciousness in Kantara
Aim: The aim of this research paper is to analyse the Kannada film Kantara (2022) as a cultural text that portrays the dramatization of indigenous environmental consciousness through myth, ritual and living customs in the context of ecological practices. The paper examines the articulation of the relationship between humans, land, spirits, and nature. It also investigates the challenges of anthropocentric and modern developmental narratives in the framework of indigenous cosmologies and environmental ethics. Methodology and Approach: This paper is qualitative research and an interpretative methodology inherited from ecocriticism, indigenous studies, and myth criticism. The film is studied as a narrative and visual text concerning landscapes and the interaction of the protagonist and the community with nature. Outcome: The exploration of the film concluded that nature is not a passive resource but a living, spiritual, and moral force. Rituals like ‘Bhoota Kola’ and the narratives of the community, the myth of the place, are all embedded in such a way that they maintain balance between humans and nature. The film also gives a lens for the conflict between indigenous ecological ethics and modern capitalist exploitation of land, focusing on the violence of displacement and environmental degradation. Conclusion and Suggestion: It establishes it within native myths, cosmological traditions, land ownership discourse, and the never-ending conflict between humans and nature. It discerns the land not as property in a materialistic manner but as a living entity in a sacred way.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prerna Anmol https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Haunting the Archive: Trauma and Memory in Suzan Lori Parks’ The Death of the Last Black Man in the Whole Entire World
Aim: Suzan-Lori Parks’ The Death of the Last Black Man in the Whole Entire World (1989) stages the haunting persistence of historical violence and racial erasure through a poetics of ritual, repetition and fragmentation. It would also examine the ways Parks brings into dialogue the chronicled history with the embodied acts of remembering, resisting the erasures of what she calls the “Great Hole of History” and reclaiming the Black presence through live, embodied acts of remembering. Methodology and Approach: For the critical exegesis of the play, theoretical insights have been drawn from the fields of memory studies and trauma studies. Drawing on Dominick LaCapra’s distinction between “acting out” and “working through,” the paper argues that Parks’ recursive deaths of the Black Man figure embody trauma’s compulsive return. Outcome: The attempted analysis of the Parks’ play arrives at an understanding that it acts as a medium of storytelling that envisions a space where reiterative reenactments create an ambiance for vivacious negotiations between past, present and future. Conclusion and Significance: By privileging performance over archival history, Parks thus, reclaims the erased Black body and soul from historical invisibility, converting theatrical space into both a site of mourning and a repertoire of cultural survival where memory is not merely represented but continually performed, ensuring the endurance of Black history against the violence of erasure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Palvi Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analytical Study of the Bond between Women and Nature in the Select Short Stories of Rabindranath Tagore
Aims: This paper examines Rabindranath Tagore’s portrayal of women and Nature in his short stories, highlighting the deep and symbolic bond between the two. It aims to explore how Tagore’s humanism and ecological consciousness anticipate ecofeminist ideas by presenting women as empathetic and ethically aligned with the natural world. Methodology and Approaches: The study employs close textual and thematic analysis of selected short stories by Rabindranath Tagore. It adopts an ecofeminist critical framework, drawing upon concepts from ecocriticism and feminist theory to analyse the parallel oppression of women and Nature under patriarchal structures. Outcomes: The analysis demonstrates that Tagore consistently associates women with care, empathy, and environmental sensitivity, suggesting a shared experience of marginalisation and exploitation. His narratives reveal an early ecological awareness that closely resonates with ecofeminist thought, particularly in critiquing patriarchal domination over both women and the natural world. Conclusion and Suggestions: The study concludes that Tagore’s short stories offer a significant literary articulation of the interconnectedness of women and Nature, predating formal ecofeminist discourse. His work challenges patriarchal values and advocates a harmonious relationship between humanity and the environment. Future research may extend this ecofeminist reading to Tagore’s novels, poetry, or comparative studies with contemporary ecological writers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pooja Kohali, Kavita Bisht https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Language, Narrative and Cultural Identity in “Decolonising the Mind” and “The Novelist as Teacher”
Aims: This paper critically analyses the ideas presented in Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Decolonising the Mind and Chinua Achebe’s The Novelist as Teacher, which focuses on how both writers explore language and cultural identity to colonial influence. This clearly explains how colonial language policies affected African identity and how literature became a tool for the writers to reclaim cultural pride. Methodology and Approaches: This study follows close reading of both essays, examining themes such as language, cultural preservation and resistance. It also includes comparative literary perspectives to understand how Achebe and Ngugi connect literature and language with cultural restoration and social responsibility. Outcomes: This critical analysis deepens the understanding of the role of language and culture in shaping African identity during the postcolonial period. It emphasis on how reclaiming one’s native language contributes to psychological liberation and cultural continuity. Conclusion and Suggestions: The study concludes that both Ngugi and Achebe view literature and language as a powerful tool for cultural resistance. While Ngugi focuses on linguistic decolonisation, Achebe uses the coloniser’s language to correct historical misrepresentations. Future researchers may extend their research on how modern African writers continue resisting cultural erasure through literature, films, media, and educational reforms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruby Roshini, Mokana Sundari M https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Jane Austen's Views on Marriage and Relationship as Depicted in Pride and Prejudice
Aim: This study examines Jane Austen’s views on love, marriage, and women’s autonomy in Pride and Prejudice, highlighting how the novel negotiates emotional compatibility, moral integrity, and financial security in marital choice. Focusing on Elizabeth Bennet’s relationships with Mr. Collins, Mr. Wickham, and Mr. Darcy, it argues that Austen rejects both marriages based solely on wealth and unions formed without economic prudence. Methodology and Approach: The research adopts a qualitative, text-centered approach grounded in close reading of Pride and Prejudice (Austen, 1813/2005) and supported by relevant secondary criticism. Key moments of proposals, refusals, and shifting affections—Elizabeth’s responses to Collins and Darcy, her attraction to Wickham, and her eventual union with Darcy—are examined within their narrative and social contexts. Outcome: The findings show that Elizabeth embodies Austen’s rational heroine, rejecting financial expediency without affection and romance without stability. Her marriage to Darcy becomes possible only after mutual moral growth, self-correction, and recognition of economic compatibility. Conclusion and Suggestions: Austen’s Pride and Prejudice presents a pragmatic yet progressive model of marriage, where moral integrity and mutual esteem are central, financial security is necessary, and affection provides enduring cohesion. Elizabeth’s development underscores women’s agency through discernment and self-awareness within social constraints.
Copyright (c) 2025 Imran Ahmad Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Interplay of Power, Love, and Freedom in Jibanananda Das’s “Tale of City and Village”
Aim: This paper examines the intricate interplay of power, love, and freedom in Jibanananda Das’s 1930s short story “Tale of City and Village.” Moving beyond a reductive gendered binary of oppressor and oppressed, the study argues that Das presents power as a diffuse and pervasive force shaping all individuals. Methodology and Approaches: The study adopts a close textual and theoretical approach informed by feminist criticism, socio-historical reading, and Foucauldian concepts of power and biopolitics. Character analysis is used to examine how personal relationships intersect with institutional and ideological forces, revealing the tensions between liberal agency and structural constraint. Outcome: The findings reveal that while the character’s exercise limited autonomy in intimate spaces, they remain deeply constrained by broader social systems. Shachi demonstrates a degree of agency within marriage yet remains bound to domestic identity. Prakash, though emotionally supportive, becomes a “docile body” within capitalist office hierarchies. Conclusion and Suggestions: The study concludes that Das offers a nuanced critique of modern subjectivity in which freedom is fragile, partial, and constantly negotiated. True liberation exists only fleetingly between personal desire and social conformity, ultimately compromised by the socio-political panopticon. Future research may further explore Das’s fiction through biopolitical or affective frameworks to deepen understanding of power, memory, and human vulnerability in modern Bengali literature.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tapas Sarkar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Visual Semiotics and its Limitations in a Methodological Study of Damien Chazelle’s La La Land (2016)
Aim: The paper examines the prevalence of C. S. Peirce’s semiotics in the analysis of visual-based communication models, with a specific focus on film color systems. In the study of film colors through the semiotics of Peirce, the paper wishes to achieve two overarching objectives. It demonstrates the challenges in the application of Peirce’s triadic sign system of icon, index, and symbol to film color. The paper strives to express the nuanced elusiveness of the systems of film color and its defiance of being categorized through a conventional set of meanings. Methodology: The argument employs a multifaceted methodology that combines aspects of semiotics, film theory, visual hermeneutics, initiating a closely led interrogation of Damien Chazelle’s La La Land (2016) as the primary text. The theoretical model revolves around the triadic system of Peirce – consisting of the Icon, Index and Symbol for the reading of the film, and observe its limitations as a by-product. Outcome: The primary outcomes of the paper are derived through the mapping of Peirce’s semiotics, which do not always transpose directly upon film. Furthermore, it depicts the challenges in attesting color schemes such as warm-cool colors and complementary colors as conventional symbols, as their origins lie in index signs. Conclusion: The argument references various films that meet the given conditions to illustrate the layered semiotic dynamics of film color. The paper highlights the solidity of Pierce’s semiotics for visual analysis. Simultaneously, it interrogates the susceptibility of color to be neatly categorized under this framework and questions the practical applicability of semiotics in tackling visual narratives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Himanshu Balhara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Aim: This paper aims to examine Ardab Mutiyaran (2019) through feminist film theory to explore how Punjabi popular cinema negotiates women’s agency and the possibility of a female gaze within the constraints of the masala genre. Methodology and Approaches: The study adopts a qualitative, text-based analytical approach grounded in feminist film theory. Drawing on Laura Mulvey’s concept of the male gaze and postfeminist critiques by Angela McRobbie and Mary Ann Doane, the paper conducts a close reading of the film’s narrative structure, visual style, characterisation, and use of humour. Outcome: The analysis demonstrates that while the film foregrounds assertive female protagonists and gestures toward women-centred storytelling, these moments of empowerment remain structurally limited by comedic framing, romantic resolution, and domestic reconciliation. Conclusion and Suggestions: The paper concludes that Ardab Mutiyaran functions as a transitional text that signals change without fully dismantling patriarchal narrative conventions. Future research may examine similar trends across contemporary Punjabi cinema to assess whether symbolic visibility translates into sustained narrative agency for women.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gurjit Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Beyond Human Exceptionalism: A Critical Analysis of Amitav Ghosh’s The Living Mountain: A Fable for Our Times
Aim: This paper aims to critically examine and address the entanglements of cultural imagination, colonial exploitation, and the climate crisis. Drawing on the concept of imperialism and Renaissance humanism, this study critiques the role of the anthropocentric worldview in ecological collapse. It attempts to destabilise the notion of human exceptionalism by foregrounding the active presence of nonhuman agency. Methodology and Approach: This study employs a qualitative, text-centred approach and adheres to the MLA 9 guidelines. Analysing the selected text, through the critical lenses of Anthropocene and Posthumanism, the study engages with Dipesh Chakrabarty’s notion of entangled histories and humans as geological agents, Donna Haraway’s idea of sympoiesis and multispecies kinship, and Bruno Latour’s concept of Gaia and the new climatic regime. Outcome: Amitav Ghosh, through this intriguing fable, compels us to reimagine literature’s role in highlighting the gravity of the planetary crisis and calls for ecological consciousness. This paper, with a particular focus on challenging the paradigm of human exceptionalism, contributes to posthumanist ecocriticism by foregrounding the intertwined histories of colonialism, capitalism and environmental catastrophe. Conclusion and Suggestions: The study concludes that recognising nonhuman agency and respecting ecological limits is essential for sustainable development. It suggests writing and promoting literary works that foreground nonhuman agency and reinforce the notion of coexistence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dinesh Kumar, Pankaj Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Echoes of the Disempowered: Representations of the Subaltern in M. T. Vasudevan Nair’s Bhima: Lone Warrior
Aim: This article examines Bhima: Lone Warrior, Gita Krishnankutty’s English translation of M. T. Vasudevan Nair’s Malayalam novel Randamoozham, through Subaltern Studies, deconstruction, postcolonial hermeneutics, myth criticism, and translation theory. It argues that Nair’s retelling of the Mahabharata re-centres marginalised figures—Bhima, Karna, and Ghatotkacha—long silenced within Brahmanical–Kshatriya epic discourse. By engaging caste, lineage, tribal identity, emotional marginality, and constructions of dharma, the novel functions as a counter-epic. Methodology and Approaches: The study employs a multidisciplinary approach. Subaltern critique draws on Gramsci, Guha, and Spivak; Derridean deconstruction unsettles epic binaries; Barthes informs myth criticism; and Venuti and Bassnett frame translation as a cultural and political practice. Close textual reading with theoretical analysis reveals how narrative voice reconfigures power structures in myth. Outcome: Findings show that the novel disrupts epic hegemony through narrative re-centring. Bhima’s emotional marginality, Karna’s caste humiliation, and Ghatotkacha’s expendable tribal identity emerge as sites of ideological resistance. The English translation preserves cultural specificity while enhancing global accessibility. Conclusion and Suggestions: The novel marks a significant moment in Indian mythic retellings, dismantling epic normativity and restoring dignity to silenced figures. Myth emerges as an ideological battleground open to ethical reinterpretation. Future research may pursue comparative retellings or examine translation’s role in mediating subaltern narratives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jyothy C. R https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cinema and Theatre: The Intermeshed Art Forms
Aim: This paper aims to analyse the similarities and the differences between theatre and cinema, and examine the interplay between them as intermeshed art forms, tracing the lines at which both the forms merged. It also sought to analyse their aesthetic borrowings, similarities in their adaptations, and the present challenges faced by both cinema and theatre. Methodology and Approach: Books on films and theatre were consulted for writing this article. Alongside, earlier researches on the related topics were read to get different perspectives of the researchers’ views. Four pathways were chosen to analyse the intermeshing of the two art forms: aestheticism, adaptation, contemporary intermeshing, and present challenges. Outcome: It has been found that both cinema and theatre are travelling on the same path with different mediums in the context of performance, narration, and representation. Conclusion and Suggestions: It will not be wrong to say that theatre is the root and cinema is the tree that emerged from it. Once cinema arrived in its entirety, it brought changes to theatre by lending technology to the theatrical form. Modern theatre now incorporates cinematic techniques such as projections and soundscapes. Ultimately, both mediums share a common goal, i.e. to evoke emotions in its audience by narrating stories that reverberate across time and place. It has been suggested that future research on this area should focus on the use of digital technology like augmented reality and virtual reality in both the art forms; their present use and future prospects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amna Shamim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Metaphors of Rejection and Reception in Arun Joshi’s The Strange Case of Billy Biswas
Aim: The present paper, titled “Metaphors of Rejection and Reception in Arun Joshi’s The Strange Case of Billy Biswas,” aims to investigate the protagonist’s existential dilemma and his conscious rejection of the affluent, western-educated, urban middle-class postcolonial Indian society in favour of the tribal world of central India. Approach and Methodology: The present paper adopts the qualitative method based on close textual analysis supported by relevant critical interpretations, the paper reveals how Billy’s disillusionment, alienation, and psychic disturbance lead him toward a redemptive embrace of the tribal ethos. Outcome: The study identifies the central metaphors of rejection and reception as vehicles through which Joshi critiques the moral bankruptcy of modern life and reclaims the authenticity of primitive existence. The paper ranges from the protagonist’s movement from rejection to reception, symbolizing a metaphysical quest for self-realization and spiritual harmony. Conclusion: Arun Joshi’s The Strange Case of Billy Biswas emerges as a profound metaphoric exploration of existence rather than a mere tale of escape. Billy’s rejection of the civilized world exposes its moral and spiritual hollowness, while his reception into the tribal realm signifies a return to authenticity and unity with nature. The metaphors of rejection and reception operate on psychological, cultural, and spiritual planes—rejection purifies, and reception redeems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hariom Singh, Rajan Lal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Decolonizing the Digital Mind: Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o’s Linguistic Theory and the Age of Digital Colonialism
Aim: This paper argues that Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o’s linguistic theory, especially his concept of the “cultural bomb” offers a crucial analytic for diagnosing contemporary digital colonialism. It applies Ngũgĩ’s decolonial vision, originally formulated for print culture, to the digital realm, demonstrating its continued relevance. Methodology and approaches: This study adopts a hybrid, interdisciplinary methods, synthesizing postcolonial literary analysis with digital-studies scholarship. It examines how global technological infrastructures reproduce colonial power dynamics and impose Western epistemes via data extraction and technical design. Outcome: The study shows that the “spiritual subjugation” Ngũgĩ described has been re-engineered through algorithms and data flows. The “cultural bomb” now operates via linguistic marginalization (for example, many AI assistants lack support for African languages) and algorithmic bias, reinforcing colonial-era messages that render indigenous cultures non-intelligible. Conclusion and Suggestions: The study concludes that “decolonizing the digital mind” is an ongoing struggle for cultural sovereignty and self-definition. It argues that the technologies used for control can also be sites of decolonial praxis, digital language activism and cultural production thus, that Ngũgĩ’s message remains a vital guide for the digital age.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vinayak Pathak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Sociological Analysis of Sattras and Namghars from Marxist Perspective
Aim: This paper aims to identify sattras and namghars from a Marxist perspective. Srimanta Sankaradeva, the saint and social reformer of Assam, established these institutions in fifteenth-century Assam. Both exhibited the Marxist ideal of equality. The existing social conditions are located within relations through which particular meanings are standardized and held up as “good taste” in Marxist cultural theory. Marxism is about a classless society. Methodology and Approach: The paper consults Marxist theory from a theoretical perspective and evaluates the role and significance of sattras and namghars. It analyzes both institutions under Marxist theoretical orientation. The paper is analytical, descriptive, and theoretical in nature. Outcome: The research finds that Srimanta Sankaradeva, the reformer of Assam, attained spiritual perfection and regenerated society. He reinterpreted old religious doctrines to suit social needs. Conclusion and Suggestions: Sattras and namghars preach the ideals of Eka-Sarana-Nama-Dharma, which embraces the doctrine that all humans are equal. The neo-Vaishnavite religion is founded not only on spirituality but also on the social message of unity and fraternity. There is a scope for future researchers to study this aspect of sattras and namghars from various other theoretical perspectives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mrinal Kumar Gogoi, Dayananda Pathak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0